Dual Process Theory and Smoking: Evidence for independent System 1-2 pathways in predicting smoking frequency

Why, Felix ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2937-225X (2025) Dual Process Theory and Smoking: Evidence for independent System 1-2 pathways in predicting smoking frequency. Journal of Health Psychology, Online (First). pp. 1-8. ISSN 1359-1053

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Abstract

The study develops a novel method to measure System 1 (fast, cue-based, thought-light) smoking frequency as an outcome measure to overcome the limitations of existing measures. It also examines its relationship to System 2 (slow, deliberative) measures. 116 participants met in two sessions set at 48 hours apart. System 2 measure of smoking frequency was measured via self-reported 24-hour smoking frequency. System 1 smoking frequency was measured by observing the number of cigarettes participants carried and asking about the number of cigarette packs consumed between the two sessions. System 2 measure of smoking frequency underestimated System 1 smoking frequency by 47.4%. Results also revealed that System 1 smoking attitudes only predicted the newly developed System 1 smoking frequency significantly, while System 2 smoking attitudes predicted only System 2 smoking frequency significantly. Hence, interventions that modify explicit attitudes (System 2) might have a limited impact on observed (System 1) smoking behaviours.

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