`Four-Closure`: How Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google are Driving Business Model Innovation.

This paper explores the rapid growth of four internet-based corporations and critiques the extent to which the
Internet has developed from being simply a powerful tool and enabler of industry innovation to achieving status as
a fully-fledged technology-based business ecosystem. The need to develop new management theories, tools, and
techniques to compete with the “Gang of Four” (Amazon, Apple, Google, and Facebook) is also discussed in some
depth as well as providing a critique of traditional models/strategic approaches and more recent theories. This is
considered to be an important area of research because as a new class of Internet company emerges, incumbent
firms in traditional industries will need to know how to prepare for the new challenges that face them.
Keywords: business ecosystem, platforms, catalyst, infomediaries, white space, blue ocean strategy